The Egyptian pyramids, primarily built during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods, are monumental tombs constructed for pharaohs and their consorts. The most famous, the Great Pyramid of Giza, exemplifies advanced engineering techniques and reflects significant achievements in mathematics and astronomy. These pyramids served as elaborate burial sites designed to ensure the pharaoh's journey to the afterlife, featuring intricate passageways, burial chambers, and treasures meant to accompany them. The construction methods remain partly mysterious, involving large labor forces and precise alignment with celestial bodies.