Chestnut bellied Nuthatch enters nest-hole in Horse Chestnut tree. Deodar and Oak mixed forests as seen from Landour with Nag Tibba in background.

The chestnut-bellied nuthatch (Sitta cinnamoventris) is a species of bird in the Sittidae family. It is found in the Indian Subcontinent. It is seen in Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Tibet.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

This species has been split by Rasmussen and Anderton (2005) from: the Indian nuthatch and Burmese nuthatch. The chestnut-bellied nuthatch is very similar to the previous but with a heavier bill, crown and mantle of the same shade. The wing and tail markings show contrasting markings; silvery-edge to primaries, blackish inner webs to tertials and tail with large white spots in the tail. White on ear coverts does not extend into chin unlike in the former. Race almorae of Nepal and NW Himalayas has paler underparts; race koelzi of the eastern Himalayas has the female darker than in other races. Resident from Murree Hills to the Uttaranchal foothills extending to the Assam Valley, Arunachal Pradesh into the Lushai Hills.

Aesculus hippocastanum is a large deciduous tree, commonly known as horse-chestnut or conker tree.

Aesculus hippocastanum is native to a small area in the Pindus Mountains mixed forests and Balkan mixed forests of South East Europe. It is widely cultivated in streets and parks throughout the temperate world.

A. hippocastanum grows to 36 metres (118 ft) tall, with a domed crown of stout branches; on old trees the outer branches often pendulous with curled-up tips. The leaves are opposite and palmately compound, with 5--7 leaflets; each leaflet is 13--30 cm long, making the whole leaf up to 60 cm across, with a 7--20 cm petiole. The leaf scars left on twigs after the leaves have fallen have a distinctive horseshoe shape, complete with seven "nails". The flowers are usually white with a small red spot; they are produced in spring in erect panicles 10--30 cm tall with about 20--50 flowers on each panicle. Usually only 1--5 fruit develop on each panicle; the shell is a green, spiky capsule containing one (rarely two or three) nut-like seeds called conkers or horse-chestnuts. Each conker is 2--4 cm diameter, glossy nut-brown with a whitish scar at the base.

Source : Wikipedia

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